The bending behavior of concrete columns strengthened by Fibreglass Composite Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) rods. GFRP strengthening material has surfaced as a viable substitute for traditional steel strengthening due to its superior strength compared to weight coefficient and resistance to corrosion& resistance to aggressive environmental conditions. However, in contrast to steel reinforcement, GFRP bars often demonstrate linear elasticity behavior until breakdown occurs or may not possess a distinct yielding stage. Consequently, GFRP-reinforced concrete beams may demonstrate limited ductility and different cracking and deflection characteristics in contrast to traditional steel-supported concrete frameworks..

Digital investigations increasingly demand access to vast quantities of personal data, yet international human rights law, data protection regimes, and emerging AI regulation impose stringent constraints on how such data may be collected, processed, analysed, and shared across jurisdictions. The prevailing investigative paradigm treats privacy protection as a procedural constraint external to the investigation process rather than an architectural principle embedded within it. This paper argues that this paradigm is both legally inadequate under contemporary regulatory frameworks and technically unnecessary given advances in privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs)..

Programming languages have a significant impact on contemporary web application development in terms of execution speed, scalability, resource utilisation, and developer productivity. In this study, we compare and contrast three popular languages—JavaScript, PHP, and Ruby—using standardised computational benchmark tests such as merge Sort, Prime Number Generation, and Fibonacci Series execution. The results show that JavaScript, which is powered by the V8 engine in Node.js, consistently outperforms the other two languages in computationally intensive tasks, with lower execution times and superior scalability. Besides performance, the study delves into language adoption trends, ecosystem maturity, framework support, scalability, and developer productivity, offering a comprehensive overview of the subject..

The increasing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources has stimulated interest in the utilization of biomass residues for renewable fuel production. This study evaluated the production and fuel quality of biomass briquettes manufactured from mixed tropical hardwood sawdust of Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, and Acacia nilotica using different binding agents. Equal proportions of the sawdust were blended to produce three combinations, namely Tectona grandis + Dalbergia sissoo, Tectona grandis + Acacia nilotica, and Dalbergia sissoo + Acacia nilotica. The briquettes were prepared through mechanical compaction, oven dried, and analyzed for volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, and calorific value following ASTM E711-87 procedures. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was employed, and the experimental data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Fisher's Least Significant Difference test at a 5% level of significance. the potential of mixed tropical hardwood sawdust as a valuable feedstock for producing high-quality biomass briquettes, thereby promoting efficient utilization of wood-processing residues and supporting sustainable renewable energy development..

Among the many building materials needed for various construction projects, brick is an essential one. There aren't many viable alternatives to traditional bricks at the moment because of the high demand for building materials. One of the substitutes is fly ash brick. Fly ash, granite dust, sand, cement, and other ingredients are mixed to make these construction materials. Moreover, the mixture is supplemented with water in an equal volume. The mechanical and durability qualities of fly ash bricks are experimentally evaluated in this study by comparing bricks with 0%, 3%, and 5% cement to typical clay bricks. .

Industry 4.0 is changing supply chains from sequential, firm-centred pipelines into data-rich networks capable of sensing, reasoning, coordinating and learning. Yet technology acquisition alone does not create a smart network. This paper develops an integrative conceptual framework explaining how connected sensing, interoperable data, analytics and digital twins become operational and strategic capability through governance, partner alignment and human competence. Drawing on the supply chain, operations, information systems and resilience literature, the paper distinguishes four maturity stages: visibility, integration, prediction and bounded autonomy..