Migration in North-East India represents a complex and multi-dimensional socio-political phenomenon shaped by historical processes, ethnic diversity, geographical location, and socio-economic inequalities. This study examines migration patterns in the region with a focus on their historical causes and socio-political consequences. Drawing entirely on secondary data sources—such as Census reports, Election Commission records, government documents, committee reports, scholarly literature, and media analyses—the research explores how migration has transformed demographic structures, social relations, political behaviour, and governance mechanisms. The findings reveal that migration in the North-East is not a uniform or one-directional process but a dynamic interaction of cross-border movements, inter-state migration, internal displacement, and urbanisation. These movements have significantly altered population composition in states such as Assam and Tripura, leading to demographic anxieties, cultural tensions, and identity-based political mobilisation. Migration has influenced electoral politics, the rise of ethnic and regional parties, citizenship debates surrounding the NRC and CAA, and centre–state as well as inter-state political relations. The study also highlights the link between migration, ethnic conflict, insurgency, border security, and militarisation, demonstrating how demographic change is frequently reframed as a security concern. The study concludes that migration governance in North-East India requires a balanced, inclusive, and context-specific policy approach that integrates human rights, regional sensitivities, development planning, and federal cooperation. Through situating migration at the intersection of demography, identity, politics, and security, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of migration as a central force shaping contemporary North-East India..

The present study critically examines the socio-economic conditions and upliftment measures of the Musahar caste in Bihar, one of the most marginalized Scheduled Caste communities in India. Drawing upon sociological, historical, and development perspectives, the study analyses how caste-based exclusion, poverty, limited education, insecure livelihoods, inadequate health facilities, and restricted access to government welfare schemes shape persistent deprivation. .

Gandhian non-violence remains one of the most powerful ethical and political ideas in modern history. Rooted in the principles of ahimsa (non-injury) and satyagraha (truth-force), Gandhi’s philosophy was not merely a method for resisting colonial rule, but a broader framework for social transformation. This paper analyzes the continuing relevance of Gandhian non-violence in the contemporary world. Using a qualitative and descriptive approach based on secondary sources, the study examines the philosophical foundations of Gandhian thought, its interpretation in major scholarly works, and its application to present-day issues such as social conflict, political protest, human rights, communal harmony, and sustainable development..

The present study was carried out to compare the physico-chemical and ecological condition of two freshwater canals in Ramnagar Block I, Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, namely Ramnagar Canal near Ramnagar Rail Bridge (S1) and Champa Canal near Lalua Bridge (S2). Water and soil samples were collected monthly from June to October 2025 and analysed for selected parameters including water temperature, water pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and soil pH following standard methods. .

Water is essential to life as we know it, villages have long used lake water as a source of drinking water since ancient times. The current study evaluates the lake water quality in khandarani lake, West Bengal. The quality of water body is identified by its physic- chemical properties. The current study examined and graphically depicted Physiochemical properties and climatic change. The range for parameters that were obtained was as follows; water temperature: 30-20 degrees Celsius; soil pH: 5.7-6.6; dissolve CO2:6-11mg/L; dissolve O2: 10-15 mg/L. Physiochemical parameters exhibit fluctuations during the monsoon season. As a result, in order to eradicate water pollution, water bodies require greater conservation in terms of quality control. .

Digha is one of the principal coastal tourism destinations of West Bengal and has experienced long-term tourism-led expansion in accommodation, transport, commerce, and public infrastructure. Historical destination data show that Digha’s tourist arrivals rose sharply during the 2001–2012 period, while recent official data indicate strong growth in West Bengal’s overall tourism market in 2023. At the same time, Digha’s development has increasingly been shaped by public interventions such as the ₹67.99 crore Beach Circuit project, the expansion of the Digha Sankarpur Development Authority (DSDA) planning area, and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) investments in drainage, sewerage, cyclone shelters, mangrove plantation, and hawker rehabilitation..

Education offers a wide spectrum and degree of enhancements, producing “added value” of web technology utilized in the teacher education process. Using the internet for interpersonal communication offers implicit value to education through the very process of learning to take advantage of a powerful communications system. Current higher curricula need the technology components required for sophisticated research and learning. In this paper, the investigator focused on resources, web CT, web-course learning space etc..